3.0 ANABOLISM

   Anabolism is the building up of a complex molecule from a simple molecule.

   Examples:
   1. Formation of glycogen from glucose.
   2. Formation of protein from amino acid.
   3. Formation of fat & oil from fatty acid and glycerol.
   4. Formation of photosynthensis from green plant.

   FORMs OF ENERGY

   1. Kinetic
   2. Potential
   3. Heat
   4. Light
   5. Chemical
   6. Solar
   7. Nuclear

3.1 LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

   Thermo means "heat" and dynamics means "changes". which means, Thermodynamics is define as heat changes.

   FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

   It states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed but can be converted from one place to another. The food we eat contains chemical energy which is converted to heat and kinetic energy when running and walking.

   SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

   It states that the conversion of energy from one form to another is not 100% efficient. There is decrease in the amount of useful energy from one tropic level to another.

3.2 ANIMAL NUTRITION

   Plant are referred to as autotroph / producer because they can manufactured their own food through photosynthesis. While Animal are referred to heterotroph because they cannot manufactured their own food but depends in the food manufactured by green plants.

   Classification of Animal Based on The Food They Eat

   1. Carnivores: These are animals that feed on flesh e.g "Dog, Tiger, Lion"
   2. Herbivores: These are animals that feed on grass or plan. e.g "Goat, Cattle"
   3. Omnivores: These are animals that feed on both plant & flesh. e.g "Man Pigs"

3.3 CLASSES OF FOOD

   1. CARBOHYDRATES

   Carbohydrates is classified into three types;

   * Monosaccharide (Simple sugar): They have only one unit of sugar. They have a general formula C6 H12 O6. e.g "Glucose, Fructose, Ga-lactose"

   * Disaccaride (Reducing sugar): They contains two unit of sugar and are represented by the formula C12 H22 O12. e.g "Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose"

   * Poylysaccharides (Complex sugar): They consist of more than two simple sugar or several simple sugar joined together. They are represented by the general formula C6 H10 O5. e.g "Starch, Chitin, Cellulose, Glycogen"

   N.B:
   Maltose -----> glucose + glucose (Malted cereals)
   Lactose -----> glucose + galactose (Milk of mammalia)
   Sucrose -----> glucose + fructose (Sugar cane, sweet fruit)

3.3.1 IMPORTANT OF CARBOHYDRATE

   i. It provides energy required by animals for daily activities
   ii. Its used to buid certain body parts.
   iii. Mucus which is important lubricant in the body is made of carbohydrates

   2. PROTEIN

   Protein are complex molecules and the simplest unit is amino acid, which is absorb by the body.

   Protein >>> Pep-tone >>> Polypeptides >>> Amino acid

   Protein is composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur
   Sources: Milk, Egg, Fish, Meat, Beans, Groundnut, Soyabeans

   Important of Proteins

   i. It aids reproduction
   ii. It aids in production of enzymes
   iii. It helps in growth
   iv. It aids in productions of hormones

   3. FAT AND OIL

   Fat are solid while oiL are liquid at room temperature. During digestion, Fats and oiL are hydrolyzed into fatty acid and glycerol which is absorb by lymatic system. Fats and oiL are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. e.g Palm oiL, Fish, Groundnut, Soyabeans.

   Important of Fat and oiL

   i. It provide more energy to animal than carbohydrates
   ii. It helps in maintenance of body temperature
   iii. It supplies fatty acid to animals
   iv. It provide fat soluble vitamins

   4. MINERAL SALT

   Animal require various mineral salts for metabolic activities in the body, lack of these minerals result in nutritional deficiency

   i. Calcium: (source: egg, fish)

      Functions;
      a. Bone and teeth formation & development
      b. blood clotting
      c. heart nervous system and musule

   ii. Phosphorus: (sources: Fish, wheat)

      Functions;
      a. strong development of teeth & bones
      b. forms part of DNA & RNA
      c. forms respiration

   iii. Magnesium: (sources: vegetable, milk)

      Functions;
      a. for muscles contraction
      b. needed for utilization of iron
      c. for bone and teeth development

   iv. Potassium: (source: fruit)

      Functions;
      a. functioning of the muscles
      b. Transmission of impulse in nerves

   v. Sulphur: (source: Beans, fish)

      Functions;
      a. constituent of protein, amino acid and vitamin B

   vi. Sodium chloride: (source: Table salt, fish)

      Functions;
      a. Transmission of nerve impulse
      b. Maintenance of osmotic balance of the cell

   vii. Iron: (source: Eggs, liver)

      Functions;
      a. formation of hemoglobin in red blood cell

   viii. Iodine: (source: sea food)

      Functions;
      a. Required by the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine

   5. VITAMINS

   They are organic food substance required by man and other animals only in small amount for normal growth and healthy development.

   Group of vitamins

   a. Fats soluble vitamin: They are vitamins that are soluble only in fat. e.g Vitamin A, D, E & K
   b. Water soluble vitamin: They are vitamins that are soluble in water. e.g Vitamin B complex, and C

   6. WATER

   Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio 2:1 sources of water are river, tap, rain..

   Important of water

   a. It aids digestion of food
   b. It required for metabolic activities in body
   c. It helps in maintenance of body temperature.
   d. It acts as solvent for soluble food substance in digestion.


   

   [1] What is first and second law of thermodynamics
   [2] What is anabolism
   [3] What are important of water
   [4] What are important of protein
   [5] What is carnivorous, herbivorous and omnivorous animal
   [6] What are important of fat and oiL
   [7] What are important of carbohydrate
   [8] List and explain the 3 types of carbohydrate
   [9] What are function of phosphorus in mineral salt
   [10] What are the functions of calcium in mineral salt